Will our Generation Understand the Impacts of Global...

Will our generation ever understand the impacts of global change? I am going to give information and examples of global climate change in this essay/report. Most people does not even know the difference between weather and climate. So I am going to explain to those people the difference. Weather and climate are not the same thing. Even though they effect each other and are similar. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a certain time and place, with it being hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, or clear or cloudy. Climate is weather patterns over a period of time. Weather is what makes climate. There has to be weather in an area for there to be a climate in the specific area. There are two main natural processes that affect global†¦show more content†¦By cutting down trees that use carbon dioxide, or takes it out of the air, makes the carbon dioxide in the air build up and as you know carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. The more carbon in the air the hotter it gets and can cause global warming. When you burn fossil fuels it releases all the carbon that is stored up in the fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are biggest contributor to greenhouse gases. Fracking is drilling into the earth for things such as wells. Fracking can release chemicals that can harm many people. Mining is when people in an industry that mines for coal. Coal is a fossil fuel and is one of the fossil fuels that is burned a lot. As I said previously, burning fossil fuels releases lots of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide or CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps in a lot of heat. The more CO2 we release the warmer it gets. We can tell these things by ice sheets when they are examined. Urbani zation is when you add more people to an urban area. An urban area is something like a city or town. All this is just a big chain effect. lets start from the beginning. First you have to cut down trees or also known as deforestation. By cutting down trees that is letting more carbon to get in the air, rather than taking some of it out of the air with trees. Then after you cut up trees and fix the area for buildings you bring in equipment the put up buildings. All of the equipment that is used releases carbon dioxide. Also it takes fossil fuels to make theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical And Moral Task Of The United States Ammunition Stockpiling Within Gun Owners917 Words   |  4 Pageshuman population. As the world’s population and demands to raise the quality of life grows exponentially, it is the ethical and moral task of the global community to define, implement, and educate the world on sustainable practices to prevent scarcity and limited availability that can hinder econo mic, environmental, and political progress of the global society presently and in the future. Sustainable practices are the resulting actions, technology development, and social and environmental perspectivesRead More Exemplification Essay: Why The World Is Doomed1086 Words   |  5 Pagesquite an impression on our world, and has transformed the earths resources into tools to make life easy. However, mans manipulation on earth has become detrimental to the health of our planet and the safety of mankind. Through the use and production of resources such as oil and energy, man is gradually poisoning the earth. Pollution has become such a dilemma in society; there is no real control or a feasible solution to societys recklessness. Without complete change, our system will collapse. TheRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming1338 Words   |  6 Pagesissue of global warming has been primarily brought to the attention of the public. Global warming is generally assumed to be the main cause of rising average global temperature. The climate on the Earth is changing and there is no big surprise. It is believed that global warming is caused by many natural and manmade activities, which is affecting the planet by the seconds, minutes, hours, days, and years. Many may not even care about this serious issue, but others harm for the future generations. GlobalRead MoreGlobal Warming Public Policy Paper1311 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Public Policy Paper The issue of Global warming is currently a very heated argument in the scientific community. Since the start of the industrial revolution countless amounts of carbon emissions have been pumped into the earth’s atmosphere, causing the temperatures in a majority of the parts of the world to rise. The research in this paper will inform the reader about the general concepts behind global warming and the ways the government effects how it is treated, by the end of thisRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pages Climate Change: A New Subject in School? Carmela Roque US Government period 3 Mr. Wootten Mercy High School Burlingame September 29, 2016 The Earth has always been undergoing climate change. Extreme weather, natural disasters, and global warming are a few examples of current climate changes. To help prevent this, the Climate Change Education act was introduced by Ed Markey, a democrat from Massachusetts. The main goal of this act was to educate the citizensRead MoreThe Effects Of Fossil Fuels On The Environment1734 Words   |  7 PagesWhat we can be scientifically certain of is that our continued use of fossil fuels is pushing us to a point of no return, warns President Obama, â€Å"we are condemning future generations to global catastrophe.† The point of no return metaphorically represents the place in ones journey that must be continued with no alternative routes or ability to make change. In consort with President Obama, many scientists believe the point of no return could occur if significant efforts aren’t made soon. AnthropogenicRead MoreClimate Change Is A Serious Problem For The Planet Earth975 Words   |  4 Pages Climate change is the rise in the temperature of the earth’s surface mainly credited to the increased levels of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Climate change is a serious problem for the planet earth that have leaders from around the world worried about its effects. The rise of sea level, the melting of the glaciers on Antarctica due to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is threatening the life of people living in many different big cities aroundRead MoreGlobal Climate Change And Global Warming1054 Words   |  5 Pageshuge part of our daily lives and over the years we have seen energy consumption rates raise significantly. It really isn t much of a secret that global climate change is happening. From the melting of the polar ice caps, to record severe temperatures, rise in natural disasters, rise in pollution, greater number of vector-borne and water borne illnesses, and much more. Unless there is some thing done to change the current technology being used to provide energy to the human population global climate changeRead MoreEnvironmental Sustainable Development : Global Warming1696 Words   |  7 Pagesthe impact of war. The world fears famine, floods, and earthquakes because we have all seen the damage caused by these phenomena. The world fears terrorists because we have all seen the damage they can cause. Unfortunately, few people are concerned about the dangers of climate change because the world is yet to witness its brunt. Environmentalists seem to be the only click of people worried about the activities of human beings that are pointing to a catastrophe commonly referred to as global warmingRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1088 Words   |  5 Pageshimself why we did not stop the climate change when we had the chance. However, today global warming is out of control, global temperatures are steadily rising. â€Å"The primary cause, a consensus of scientists has sai d, is the rising emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane† (Stone, 2013). The CO2 stays in the atmosphere for 50 to 100 years, nitrous oxide for 114 years while the methane stay in the atmosphere for at least 12 years. The impact of these greenhouse gases is of an immediate

Why the North Won the American Civil War Essay - 1268 Words

Why the North Won the American Civil War Union officer William Tecumseh Sherman observed to a Southern friend that, In all history, no nation of mere agriculturists ever made successful war against a nation of mechanics. . . .You are bound to fail. While Shermans statement proved to be correct, its flaw is in its assumption of a decided victory for the North and failure to account for the long years of difficult fighting it took the Union to secure victory. Unquestionably, the war was won and lost on the battlefield, but there were many factors that swayed the war effort in favor of the North and impeded the Souths ability to stage a successful campaign. The advantages of the Union going into the war are numerous. The system†¦show more content†¦With no navy to mount a defense, the Southern government was forced to control production of cotton and raise taxes, which only furthered the disillusionment of its population (Perman, 224). Poor Southerners in particular began to see the war as benefiting a section of society that did not include them, as they were not slave owners. They were the very people forced to make the most sacrifices for the war and the governments control of their ability to produce led to bread riots (Perman, 219). Moreover, as enlistment numbers in the Confederate army dwindled, the government had no option but to turn to forced conscription and impressments of slaves, which Southerners viewed as the impounding of personal property (Perman, 221). The realities of war created a conflict that Southerners did not foresee when they had created an aloof central government. Furthermore, the South had little preexisting industry and lacked an infrastructure for dispersing goods (Perman, 14). From an early point in the war the Union army cut off railways and blockaded Southern ports, and roads in the South were primitive. Farmers were forced to contend with government controls on production and marauding thieves who would take whatever they could from them. With no mea ns of transporting goods and no slave labor, Southerners could barely produce enough to feed their families and even if they wereShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The American Civil War1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was arguably the most important war in the history of the country. The War of Independence may have allowed American to become its’ own country, but the Civil War resulted in something even more important than that, the end of slavery in the southern states. All of the issues that caused the Civil war were based around slavery, such as states’ rights that involved how slavery would be handled in each state, and trying to preserve the Union since the south seceded from the northRead MoreEssay on Why the American Civil War Lasted for Longer Than 90 Days1149 Words   |  5 PagesWhy the American Civil War lasted for longer than 90 days The North had expected their war with the south to last for no more than 90 days. They not only had more men up in the north but they had more resources as well. Now why couldnt they defeat the south? I have to say it is due to the incompetence of the norths generals commanding the army, and the army itself. On April 15, 1861, President Lincoln called on the states to provide 75,000 militia men for 90 days to put down the rebellion ofRead MoreComparing the Relative Importance of Political Leadership, Military Skill and Resources as Reasons for the Outcome of the American Civil War935 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Outcome of the American Civil War The American Civil war was the bloodiest conflict in American history, with some 620,000 Americans to die in the four-year conflict. This inevitable conflict as William Seward a politician named the great animosity between the Union and the Confederacy, was the result of years of antagonism, due mainly to the particular institution of slavery. There are numerous reasons for the defeat of the South in the civil war. The main factorsRead MoreThe Advantages And Disadvantages Of The American Civil War1145 Words   |  5 Pagesand disadvantages of both sides during the civil war The American Civil War started in 1861 and ended in 1865. The two sides of the war are the Union (North) and Confederacy (South). The South wanted to keep slavery to maintain their economy and they worried that the North would end slavery. The South then seceded, starting the conflict. Around 620,000 people died in the war. Both sides of the war had advantages and disadvantages in the Civil War. Population in the South was small becauseRead MoreEssay about Did the North Win the Civil War before it Began?1099 Words   |  5 PagesDid the North Win the Civil War before it Began?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I agree with the idea that the North had won the Civil War before it began to the extent of Lincoln’s conservative political stands. Trying to receive the favor of the South while winning in the North would require Lincoln to take neutral stands in heated political issues like slavery. It wasn’t really wan by the North until he broke away from these stands to enact the Emancipation Proclamation and turn the tides of war in favor of the NorthRead MoreEssay about The War of Rebellion: The Civil War1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War was a very significant war that resulted in making the nation and the government stronger. Peculiarly both sides had very different views on what caused the war, what they wanted out of the war, and what the war meant resulting in what is considered the bloodiest war in America’s history, around six hundred thousand Confederate and Union soldiers died in battle. What did they all die for though? Depending on wh ether you were from the North or the South the answer to this question wouldRead MoreThe Civil War Was Fought Over African American Freedom1331 Words   |  6 Pageswas the cause of the civil war. Till this day there has not been a straightforward answer, but many people still have different views and beliefs on what caused it. Many people believe that political issues or even taxation was the cause of the civil war. However, it was really over slavery. This essay will go over the civil war and explain why slavery caused the southerners and northerners to fight in the civil war. To what extent was the Civil War fought over African American freedom ? What wereRead MoreTo What Extent Do You Agree or Disagree with the Idea That the North H1086 Words   |  5 PagesI agree with the idea that the North had won the Civil War before it began to the extent of Lincoln s conservative political stands. Trying to receive the favor of the South while winning in the North would require Lincoln to take neutral stands in heated political issues like slavery. It wasn t really wan by the North until he broke away from these stands to enact the Emancipation Proclamation and turn the tides of war in favor of the North. This Lincoln always publicly condemned the abolitionistsRead MoreEssay on Why The North Won the Civil War1518 Words   |  7 PagesIf wars are won by riches, there can be no question why the North eventually prevailed. The North was better equipped than the South, with the resources necessary to be successful in a long term war like the Civil War was, which was fought from 1861 Ââ€" 1865. Prior, and during the Civil war, the Norths economy was always stronger than the Souths, boasting of resources that the Confederacy had no means of attaining. Compared to the South, The North had more factories available for production ofRead MoreLets End the Civil War1033 Words   |  5 Pagesend the civil war â€Å"Let’s end the civil war† is an article, written in 1962 by Harry Golden a northern journalist. He wrote this article to highlight the Civil war centennial in the U.S. and the idea that the centennial committees in the whole of the south, which wanted us to believe that the civil war is not over. There are still participations in the reengagement of the civil war and some of the actors still hope that the civil war will be restored. Harry golden thinks that the Americans see the

El Greco sings Essay Example For Students

El Greco sings Essay Musical theatre works about painters are, in a odd sort of way, like movies about baseball stars. Theres no reason they shouldnt work, but they rarely do. Goya has been the subject of hugely unsuccessful pieces by Gian Carlo Menotti and Maury Yeston. Frida, a portrayal of Frida Kahlo, was a mixed success last year at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. And just last summer, a musical about Leonardo da Vinci titled Leonardo: A Portrait of Love was all but booed out of Londons West End. Even Stephen Sondheims Sunday in the Park with George remains a controversial work, but that pieces dramatization of artistic creation was a major reason playwright Bernardo Solano and composer William Harper became convinced that the life of El Greco could be musicalized. Rather than basing the plot on one painting as did Sondheim Solano Solano wanted 30 or 40 portraying El Grecos inner life as well as Inquisition-dominated Spain in the 16th century. Thanks to practicality, or perhaps the insistence of set designer Robin Wagner or director Tom OHorgan, a mere 20 paintings are dramatized as the now-finished El Greco plays at New Yorks Playhouse 91 through Oct. 17. We will write a custom essay on El Greco sings specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now El Greco has a budget of $250,000, thanks in part to a grant from ATT OnStage, and is the most elaborate production ever mounted by the INTAR Hispanic American Arts Center. The cumulative impact of many paintings is essential for the effect the creative team is after. The faces in those paintings recur over and over again, and they were, in fact, contemporaries of El Greco friends friends and family members, said Solano, a playwright whose best-known play is Buena Vista. So we decided from the beginning that we wanted the story to be told by characters moving in and out of the paintings as they were modeling and being painted. Thats a complex thing to do, and we took a lot of liberties. But not much is known about El Grecos personal life, and that made it easier for us in a way, because then we could just let our imaginations go crazy. The underlying ideological concept of the piece is that the Crete-born painter who was originally named Domenikos Theotokopoulos and trained in Italy before moving to Spain, where he died in 1614 tried to create a bridge between earth and heaven through his art. Besides exploring what is still considered a highly dissonant use of color, El Greco created figures that became increasingly elongated, almost resembling flames arching heavenward. After spending some weeks in Spain, particularly in Toledo where El Greco spent much of his creative life, Solano and Harper began to understand why. Toledo is this city built on a big rock with high walls, Solano said. Because of the walls, all you can do is look up and see the heavens above you. Thats the natural thing in the city seeking a connection with the heavens. Maybe thats a high-flown extrapolation, but Solano is the first to admit that hes always been at odds with naturalism. Color and ornamentation   Harper had his own revelations: There was a blind beggar singing, and his song had an Arab scale and ornamentation to it. I wasnt interested in the kind of Spanish-style music that Ravel wrote. I needed to assimilate some of that kind of color and ornamentation. Elsewhere, Harpers musical equation for portraying El Grecos world included his discovery of the Cantigas di Santa Maria, a series of earthy, folk-like canticles written to the Blessed Virgin Mary, hailing from the 13th century. He also absorbed influences from the rich polyphony of Tomas Luis de Victoria, who was a contemporary of El Greco. .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 , .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 .postImageUrl , .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 , .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2:hover , .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2:visited , .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2:active { border:0!important; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2:active , .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2 .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufff2f5cd455d89394f7c9fa479ff3db2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Randall Duk Kim: back to basics EssayAt all points, they resisted the tortured-artist stereotype. He mostly tortures other people, asserts Solano good-humoredly. Hes close to being an unsympathetic figure, and he knows full well what hes doing to the people around him. He never married the mother of his child because she was Jewish, even though she was a convert. He just couldnt take the risk of being legally connected with a Jewish person. He wouldnt get commissions. This free interpretation of the paintings clearly isnt tableau vivant, which Solano believes would wear thin quickly and probably invite criticism from art lovers who would want every detail in place. Exact replication might also create legal problems with the museums that own the paintings. Thus, Wagners set consists of unfolding panels that reveal a figure or just a fragment of a painting. Wed focus on an aspect of the painting, whether its a hand gesture or a color, says Solano. Often, its an emotional response to the painting. Dream states and  metaphysics   The result is a musical without traditional linear progression, which reflects its authors preoccupations: Solanos ongoing experimentation with dream states and metaphysics, and Harpers exploration of the dichotomy between real life and spiritual life that he examined in his opera The Snow Leopard, written for the Minnesota Opera. Director OHorgan, who played a major role in the creation of the pop opera Jesus Christ Superstar but has little patience for the British megamusical, is enthusiastic about Solano and Harpers attempts to create a new musical theatre hybrid. This is an opera thats quite serious and requires incredible stamina from the singers. But Bill Harper isnt really interested in the stereotypical opera singer. He wants people who can also project the ideas and the drama of the thing, observes OHorgan. Theatre has come to a place where we have to strike out and find new voices, new ways of using people. This is an amazing period in theatre history. Its either the worst or the best, but I cant quite make up my mind which.

Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds by William Shakespeare Essay Example

Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds by William Shakespeare Paper Basically, this poem is about love, but here shakespeare has discussed the love which is in his mind. you may disagree with him if you like. The first stanza in this poem is a quatrain and its rhyme scheme is abab. Shakespeare uses alliteration, assonance, consonance, and repetition to develop this stanza, which, as a whole, states that love does not change. The first line contains an example of alliteration in the words â€Å"me,† â€Å"marriage,† and â€Å"minds. † In this line, he is referring to love as â€Å"the marriage of true minds. † He uses the alliteration of the â€Å"m† sound to draw attention to his view of love as being a type of marriage. The words â€Å"admit† and â€Å"impediments† in the second line are examples of both assonance and consonance because of the identical â€Å"i† and â€Å"m† sounds. The second, third, and fourth lines of this stanza contain repetition. â€Å"Love,† â€Å"alter,† and â€Å"remove† are repeated to put emphasis on the points that he is trying to make. He is saying that if a person is really in love he or she would not have to make changes in their lover to make themselves happy, and that love cannot be taken back. The second stanza of this poem is a quatrain with a rhyme scheme of cdcd. We will write a custom essay sample on Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds by William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds by William Shakespeare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds by William Shakespeare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This stanza contains assonance, a very clever metaphor, and personification in stating that love is ever-lasting and can be used as a guide in life. The words â€Å"star† and â€Å"bark† in line eight of the poem contain assonance of the â€Å"a† sound. Shakespeare uses this assonance to bring attention to the metaphor he is using, which compares love to the North Star, which is a guide for ships. By following their hearts, people can use love as a guide to get them through life. Also, the North Star is relatively permanent, and Shakespeare says love is an â€Å"ever-fixed mark† in line five of the poem. Line eight refers to a star when it says â€Å"Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken. † Stars have neither ownership nor a set gender, so this line contains personification. Shakespeare speaks of love as if it were human to express the importance of it. The third stanza of this poem is another quatrain and its rhyme scheme is efef. Personification, assonance, and consonance help to get the point across that love is independent of time. In lines eight and nine, Shakespeare says â€Å"Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks within his bending sickle’s compass come. Even though beauty fades with time, love does not. Shakespeare personifies time to help express that love does not operate on any specific clock. He even capitalizes â€Å"Time† as if it were a real person’s name. He also personifies death in line nine when he refers to the bending sickle, which would be the weapon of the infamous reaper. Death can t ake away physical traits, but not true love. Shakespeare intentionally expresses his view of love as not yielding to time or any other force. The use of the words â€Å"but† and â€Å"bear† in line twelve of the poem is an example of alliteration. Shakespeare uses these words to help express that love can survive anything on its own despite the pressures and influences of time. The fourth and final stanza of this poem is a couplet with a rhyme scheme of gg. In this stanza, the poet-speaker boasts how confident he is in his opinion of love, suggesting that if his opinion is wrong, no one has ever loved. In line fourteen, the poet-speaker declares â€Å"I never writ, nor no man ever loved. † The words â€Å"never,† â€Å"no,† and â€Å"nor† are an example of alliteration. These negative words are used to strengthen the poet-speaker’s certainty of his opinion of love. Line fourteen also has internal rhyme. â€Å"Never† and â€Å"ever† are positioned before the word â€Å"loved†. Shakespeare uses this internal rhyme to make it clear that the speaker has full faith in his own words. William Shakespeare’s poem â€Å"Sonnet 116 is an excellent poem. Using multiple literary tools, such as metaphors, personification, and internal rhyme, Shakespeare has created a masterpiece that describes love by what it is and is not. Because of the brilliant use of tools and flow in this poem, it will remain one of the best poems ever written.

A Clean, Well Lighted-Place - Hemingway essays

A Clean, Well Lighted-Place - Hemingway essays In Ernest Hemingway's "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place," the central idea of the story deals with the loneliness and despair associated with old age. An old and deaf man symbolizes this feeling, even though he does not quite say a dozen words in the course of the story. The discussions between the two waiters further develop this concept of loneliness. With a young waiter portraying the optimistic role of youthful human nature, that which believes itself both immortal and never alone; conversely, an older waiter is at the opposite pole, with a belief in an inevitable mortality and a terrible feeling of loneliness and despair. This conviction is apparent in the elder waiter's preoccupation with nada or nothing, through which Hemingway tries to impress upon the reader that man's inevitable fate is to enter into nothingness from nothingness, for life is nothing. The old man in the story sought merely to enjoy a drink in the company of a clean, well-lighted place. Even though it is apparent he is comfortably set with his finances; the old man had attempted to commit suicide by hanging himself. The young waiter, who figures that hes lonely, surmises the reason for the attempted suicide to which the older waiter replies, "he might be better with a wife." The loneliness and despair of the old man is largely a fault of his own; because he chose to see the darkness instead of the light, he chose to look upon death instead of life. The younger waiter believes that even a wife would be no good to him now. The young waiter is the impatient type and even becomes angry with the old man, wishing that "he should have killed himself last week." Refusing to serve the old man another drink, the young waiter instead tells him to leave. The young waiter is eager to get home to his wife and, busily sets out to close the shop. The old man slowly gets up and leaves, walking with dignity even though he has been thrown out of the cafe,...

Workers Compensation Laws Essays

Workers Compensation Laws Essays Workers Compensation Laws Essay Workers Compensation Laws Essay In every organization it is important for the management to put in place mechanisms that are meant to protect the workers from hazardous factors since they are useful assets that determine the success of an organization. Workers compensation law this is a law enacted by the government that is used to provide the compensation for workers who are injured or displaced when carrying out their activities. The employees   are compensated with money and   future court cases and expenses   incurred when carrying out the activities of an organization are met by   the employer .The workers compensation law is   beneficial to the dependants of the injured or deceased persons since   it protects the employer against any unwarranted demands from the dependants who   in the future affect the operations of an organization as they may   claim for their money from the employers without following the right procedures. The major concepts behind Workers Compensation Laws The concepts that are applied in the Workers Compensation Law are; no fault concept that states that the employee is entitled to his or her benefits regardless of whether it is the employers or employees’ who caused the accidents to occur. The injured employee should not have difficulties in explaining the persons who caused the factors that caused the injury as it is his right to be compensated by the employer. As long as the employee gets an injury or pain when undertaking his duties he should be compensated accordingly. The amount that should be given to the employee can depend on factors such as his the current wage rate. Even if the employee cannot prove that his employer was wrong in implementing equipment that later on became a disaster to them then he should be paid his dues when they arise. Another concept is that the benefits given to the employee are limited and they do not include what the employee might seek to recover from the court in terms of pain and suffering and therefore it protects the employer from any judgments that may be made in the courts of law. Negligence concept also arises when the issues of workers compensation are been addressed. It states that there are remedies that arise are in lieu of all other rights that have been imposed on the employer. It also provides exclusivity in the remedies provided to the injured worker so that the employee cannot sue the employer under the disguise of negligence. Traditionally the employer would avoid his liabilities against an injured worker by pleading contributory negligence, assumption of the risk or the employer that would allege that the injury was caused by a co-worker hence greater compensation is made to the employees. The compensation law is a strict liability in nature therefore the employee does not have to prove the faults and negligence of the employer (Ohio Industrial Commission and Bureau of Workers Compensation 1997). Subrogation concept is applied in cases where injury occurs due to negligence that is caused by a third party. The employer will therefore help the employee to get his remedies and benefits that arise from injuries that he incurs. The employer usually steps in to help the employee get his benefits that enables him to     recover from injuries have affected his or her rate of performance in the work place. The ways and means the concepts are applied in Fire Service Departments The workers compensation law provides the following three kinds of benefits to the fire victims: the medical benefit which assists to cure or relieve the injured worker of his pain, cash benefits that normally replace the loss of the present and future of the injured worker. In the case of death the cash usually goes to the dependant and finally the rehabilitation benefits which are used to assist the fire victims with both medical and vocational services if the injuries were very severe and serious ( Ohio Industrial Commission and Bureau of Workers Compensation 1997). Under the workers compensation law the employer is usually instructed to fill a form to indicate that a worker has been injured in the course of his duty. The form is later on forwarded to the insurance carriers within a period of one working day together with the details of the amount of money that the employee is entitled to receive. In addition the employer should provide a list of about three physicians from which the employee should visit and also inform the employee about the name and number of the insurance carrier. The employee has the absolute rights to recive good medical care that covers the costs incurred by the doctors while in hospital. Any compensation that is to be given to the injured is restricted only to those employees that are injured unwillfully in the course of their official duties. Those that are hurt out of reckless behavior, illicit drugs or alcohol, self inflicted injuries and those injured while performing any criminal activities do not qualify for the benefits therefore one has prove that the injury occurred in the course of his employment and therefore the exact place and time must be proved. The employers and the carriers should be very careful when making payments of these benefits as some injuries may have occurred while the person was not in the course of their employment (Shawn, A. 2001). Reasons for Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). It is federal law that was enacted so as to govern the Occupational Health Safety Act in the private sector and federal governments in the United States. There are about eight programs that operate under Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)   that   include the;Adminstrative programs,construction,compliance program, federal states programs, health standards, policy programs, safety and technical support programs .The main reasons why   it was enacted was to ensure that the employees worked in   an environment that was safe and free from any hazards. The employees were to be provided with an environment that was free from toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, exposure from very high or very low temperatures and unsanitary conditions. It would ensure that employees that suffered from no health or functional impairment as long as they were in their working places as a result of injuries or illnesses or in the event of death were taken care of appropr iately (Edward, J. P.2005). The government of the United States intervened one day to implement the law since the employers found it easier to provide recourse for relief of injured workers rather than provide the safety of the worker. They set standards that would be followed in the work place and also carried out inspections to find out if the employers were complying with the set rules and standards. The inspections were done without the knowledge of the employer so that they could have an actual picture of standards set at the workplaces.   It also addressed issues, citations and against all the persons that did not comply with the set standards and regulations. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) ensured that the common obligations of the employee were met in the workplace through   reducing the number of accidents that occurred and in case any accident happened and   it reduced the severity of the injuries by putting into place safe designs and procedures. It would also be used to protect the employee against any form of relation that occurred within the workplace and involved the right to refuse to work under very extreme bad working conditions. They also are involved in creation of awareness about the safety procedures in the workplace for the educating the workers on the need maintaining health practices and thus could collect data, study it and analyze to find out the sources of the problems. The act would also guaranteed the employee some rights whereby he could   refuse to work under conditions that could be proved that they are dangerous to his health and he could   ask to be   paid time off to seek medical attention incase of injuries. An employee had a right to demand for safe emergency existed   for use in case of fire .They would   be provided with personal protective clothing’s to protect their eyes, ears, head, feet and the respiratory system from any injuries. Organizational structure and Authority of Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). This is the structure that shows how the responsibilities authorities and relations of an organization should be organized so that the goals and objectives are achieved. It also shows the chain of command and the overall duties and responsibilities of the supervisors’ and   officers working under the department of the secretary of labour.At the top level we have the General supervisor who gives a general overview   site of the working environment. He is followed by the site Safety and Health Officer who coordinates the emergency responses if they occur and finally we have the Onsite Officer who ensures that all the operations of the organization are run safely and also notifies the Site Health and Safety Officer that any emergency has actually occurred. Authority It’s the power that is given to a person who is charged with the responsibility of making decisions for an organization. Usually extends to most of the nongovernmental organizations with employees, but any state corporations are excluded from the federal coverage. Any state that operates their own safety programs approved by the department of labor are required to cover all their employees in the public sector, but in the same states private employees remain under the federal juridication.There are   about twenty one state that operate under Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)that   cover both the public and private workers. The only state that provide plans for public employees are New Jersey, New York and the Virginia Island. The postal Service Act also put Postal service under the jurisdiction of Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). The office of the secretary of labor has a right to investigate any allegations that have been raised upon the employer. If an employee feels that they are being discriminated against because of exercising their right on the health and safety issues then the investigations should be done so that the employer complies with the law. If the allegations are found to be true then the employer should be sued by the office on behalf of the employee. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) has the authority to recognize any employees or employers who have shown great efforts in the providing quality working conditions through implementing voluntary programs. They normally motivate both the employer and employee so that they can achieve excellent results when providing safety and health results to the customers. It also authorizes the office of the secretary of labor to set up standards that should be met by the employer, to develop and issue regulations on safety issues at workplace, to conduct investigations about those employers who do not complying with the set standards and they determine the status of those who have complied with the standards (International Personnel Management Association. 1999). Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) also provides training and education programs in partnership with trade unions and other stakeholders to formulate strategies to avoid fire breakouts in the worklace.Through the training and educational program they assist the employers to maintain consistent standards that should be followed within an organization. It also establishes the maximum amount of fire one should be exposed to and usually recommends the proper garments that should be worn by employees in the fire service department. Proper record keeping should be done by this office to show all the injuries that have actually occurred and monitor the occurrence. A safety plan should also be provided   for by this department and should provide key information such   as list of key personnel, emergency numbers, location of the nearest fire department,ambulance,police post or hospital, site routes or maps, lists of hazards associated with the site ,the appropriate fire protective garments ,air monitoring plans and techniques to be used. In conclusion the protection of workers from hazardous environment is always the right thing to do any business. It enables an organization to save on   cost in terms of money, time and energy used in case of injuries coming up. Such as reduced medical expenditure in case a fire breaks out, reduced insurance costs, decrease in the pay out for return work programs, fewer sub standard goods being produced and reduces the amount paid to the dependants of the deceased incase of death occurring in the future. There are also indirect benefits that the company derives out of proper safety programs; increased productivity as the workers concentrate more on working ,lower costs of employing new employees as labor turnover is usually minimal and decreases any costs that are incurred due overtime worked as employees are able to complete their tasks on time. It is therefore important for the management of organization to put in place strategies that are meant to protect the employees from gett ing injuries as this can affect the performance of a company hence lead to reduced earnings for an organization

A Report on Operating Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Report on Operating Systems - Essay Example The 'ENIAC' had the capacity to do 100,000 calculations per second (White, 2005). As the needs increased, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated, special-purpose analog computers during the 20th century, which used a direct physical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these features became more and more uncommon after the introduction digital computer. A succession of steadily more potent and versatile computers were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, with increasing use of digital electronics (invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more versatile programmability (Computer, 2006). Later, Intel released the world's first commercial microprocessor, the 4004 on November 15th, 1971. This is a Fourth generation computer using a microprocessor to locate much of the computer's processing abilities on a single (small) chip. The microprocessor allowed the development of microcomputers, personal computers that were small and cheap enough to be affordable by ordinary people. The first such personal computer was the MITS Altair 8800, released at the end of 1974, but it was followed by computers such as the Apple I & II, Commodore PET and eventually the original IBM PC in 1981. Although processing power and storage capacities have increased beyond all recognition since the 1970s the underlying technology of LSI (large scale integration) or VLSI (very large scale integration) microchips has remained basically the same, so it is widely regarded that most of today's computers still belong to the fourth generation (White, 2005).The demands of today's computer users as well as the modern network have moved beyond that of simple client server connectivity. There is now the availability of a wide variety of end-to-end communication products aimed at specific business functions. These include access points, broadband, cable, content networking, contact centre solutions, data centre networking, network management, optical, routing, security, VPN, storage networking, switching, unified communications, video, voice and wireless (Networking, 2004). Today's computers also have huge speed and capacity for information processing compared to computers of the past, and they have become exponentially more powerful over the years (a phenomenon known as Moore's Law). The original computers were as huge as the size of a big room. Today's smaller computers for individual use, called personal computers, and their portable equivalent, the notebook computer, are ubiquitous information-processing and communication tools and are perhaps what most non-experts think of as "a co mputer". However, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer, small computers used to control another device. Embedded computers control machines from fighter planes to digital cameras (Computer, 2006). Historical developments in operating systemsSoon after the invention of the computer, it was discovered that certain tasks were required in many different programs; an early example was computing some of the standard mathematical functions. For the purposes of efficiency, standard versions of these were collected in libraries and made

The Use of Hiring Systems,does it help or hurt the organization Research Paper

The Use of Hiring Systems,does it help or hurt the organization - Research Paper Example The internet has changed and transformed the process of hiring candidates to fill positions by human resource departments across the world (Searle, 2003; Hansen, 1998). There is however a lack of exhaustive body of literature that can be used to draw conclusions and possibly a theoretical basis for electronic hiring, largely due to the fact that electronic hiring systems are relatively new. A review of the literature also indicates that some of the findings are contradictory. For example, Brooke (1998) states that use of e-recruiting leads to an overwhelming number of applicants that can end up making the selection process a headache, while Galanaki (2002) argues that the internet is not the first option for many job seekers; both of these are discussed as disadvantages. Bartram (2000) is of the view that electronic recruiting is beneficial since it enables a company to access high quality employees, while Kaydo and Cohen (1999) argue that electronic recruiting brings about large numbers of unqualified candidates for the available employment opportunity. To add on top of these, Galaniki (2002) details the time saving impact of electronic hiring whi le Mitchel (1998) is of the view that the amount of time spent in screening through the numerous electronic applications forms makes it a time consuming method. This indicates that more research is needed in order to develop concrete facts about electronic hiring systems and provide a direction for future research. The research question in this case is whether electronic hiring systems are advantageous or detrimental to an organization. The aim of this research is to establish the advantages and disadvantages of electronic recruiting to an organization, and come up with a conclusion that will add to the much needed efforts to create a theoretical framework for electronic hiring. Studies have already been done to establish the efficacy, benefits and drawbacks to electronic hiring systems;

Define the concepts of altruism Essay Example for Free

Define the concepts of altruism Essay Altruism is defined as a selfless concern or act for the welfare and good of others.   An altruistic person is not motivated to do good because of reward or duty.   A purely altruistic person gives without thought to benefits, reward or recognition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autonomy in the general sense is an individuals capacity to make rational decisions without coercion from any quarter.   In the moral sense, autonomy is the basis of a persons moral responsibility for his actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human dignity refers to a persons state of integrity, righteousness and virtue.    In another perspective, human dignity means the intrinsic right of people to be accorded unconditional respect without regard for his gender, race, status, and political inclinations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Integrity is a concept that refers to a persons consistency in doing things and in his principles. People with integrity behave in accordance with their beliefs and value system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social justice is an application, rather than administration, of justice in every part of society.   When there is social justice, every member of society is fairly and equitably treated and receives his fair share of societal benefits. Describe how each value impacts the practice of a professional nurse. A professional nurse should have an intrinsic need to help without thought for reward.   By applying altruism to the practice, the nurse becomes a better care giver who truly cares for the well-being of the patient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autonomy impacts the professional nurse in the sense that he is responsible for the life of his patients.   He has to be alert and careful in performing his tasks because it is his moral obligation to make sure the patients life is not endangered because of errors.   The nurse must be competent in assessing and performing patient care using knowledge and professional expertise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human dignity affects a professional nurse since he has to respect his patients no matter who he is.   In other words, the nurse cannot discriminate against any patient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the nursing profession, a nurse with integrity acts and performs his duties in accordance to standards and ethics and he does not falter in his duties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social justice requires the professional nurse to do his service to every member of society.   In the same manner, the nurse is required to treat all of his patients fairly and equitably as members of community. Discuss how student demonstrates values listed above.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A student must study nursing not because of the perceived financial rewards or job security in the future.   He must study nursing because it his greatest desire to do good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autonomy is shown by a student when he shows responsibility for his studies.   He does not let his peers pressure him into doing activities that are not considered moral and legal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human dignity is demonstrated by a student when he shows respect for all of his classmates, teachers, and other people he comes in contact with.   He does not entertain thoughts of being socially better or inferior to anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A student of integrity does his coursework consistently and responsibly.   He does not cut classes and does not perform half-heartedly in class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social justice is applicable to a student by not hindering other students to have the privilege of education.   This could mean, refraining from bullying acts and other acts of aggression towards other students. References Morgan, S.H. (2007, September 27).   The Forces of Magnetism: Core Characteristics to Achieve   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Magnet Recognition.   Medscape Online.   Retrieved September 26, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/562944?src=rss Nermin, E., Altun, I. (1998).   Professional and Personal Values of Nursing in Turkey.   Eubios   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, 8, 72-75. National University.   (2008).   Professional Nursing Values.   Retrieved September 26, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.nu.edu/LIBRARY/Reserve/nsg310.html

Prohibition :: essays research papers

Prohibition was a period in which the sale, manufacture, or transport of alcoholic beverages became illegal. It started January 16, 1919 and continued to December 5, 193. Although it was formed to stop drinking completely, it did not even come close. It created a large number of bootleggers who were able to supply the public with illegal alcohol. Many of these bootleggers became very rich and influential through selling alcohol and using other methods. They started the practices of organized crime that are still used today. Thus, Prohibition led to the rapid growth of organized crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The introduction of prohibition in 1919 created numerous opinions and issues in American society. Prohibition has been a long-standing issue in America, with groups promoting it since the late eighteenth century. The movement grew tremendously during the nineteenth century. When the United States entered World War 1 in 1914, there was a shortage of grain due to the long demands to feed the soldiers. Since grain is one of the major components in alcohol, the temperance movement now had the war to fuel their fight. Thus, the war played a large part in the introduction of Prohibition. During the net five years many states enacted their own prohibition laws, and finally, on December 16,1919, Amendment 18 went into effect. It states that, â€Å"†¦the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors†¦. For beverage purpose is hereby prohibited.†(Constitution)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The public reaction to the introduction of Prohibition was largely mixed. The temperance organizations were rejoiced. Over a century of work had finally paid off for them. The rest of the country, however, was less than pleased. Many saw it as a violation of their freedom, and others wanted to keep drinking. It did no take a long time before people began to protest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The public demand for alcohol led to a soaring business for bootleggers. When prohibition began, people immediately wanted a way to drink. Therefore, the profitable bootlegging business was born. Before Prohibition gangs existed, but had little influence. Now, they had gained tremendous power almost overnight. Bootlegging was easy; some gangs even paid hundreds of poor immigrants to maintain stills in their apartments. Common citizens, once law abiding, now became criminals by making their own alcohol. However, this forced risks for those who made their own. The less fortunate Americans consumed homemade alcoholic beverages that were sometimes made with wood alcohol. In return, many died due to alcohol poisoning.

Colombus Day

Justice, pride, and arrogance lie and when they are crossed; however, humane treatment and respect – whether that be self- respect or respect for others – Is black and white. Columbus day Is a holiday In which Americans celebrate a man who Is not even an American, but better yet the Spanish- acclaimed Viceroy and Governor of the Indies and Admiral of the Seas who overpowered and subjected a whole land of natives to succumb to his rule, follow his logon and traditions, and be brutally beat while being forced Into slavery.Although his ability to assume power and Instill fear Into these people so quickly may be admirable, he Is not a figure that deserves the respect of Christian Americans, or let alone any Americans: and only deserves to be â€Å"honored† In a day of mourning. To begin with, Christopher Columbus sailed into this land and was greeted with kindness and peace by the natives, in which he returned with the order of the kidnapping of six natives to be his servants. Columbus simply saw these indigenous people as an obstacle in his pursuit of riches and glory, and treated them as such.The natives did have their practices of violence and brutality in which other humans were sacrificed to their native Gods or means of punishment were rather severe, but this did not beckon or welcome the brutality inculcated by Christopher Columbus and the rest of his team. Even more interestingly, Columbus' writings back to Spain made himself sound very respectful and appreciative of the Indians; however, after rather inspection, Columbus' malice shows through even what appears to be kindness and gratuity.In his log kept about the New World, he writes that these indigenous people are of the kindest, best people, and that he told his men to take nothing from them without giving them something in return. This, at first glance, seems like an exhibit of kindness, yet the Spaniards never gave back anything of equal value to the Indians. Columbus discusses ho w he would receive very gracious, generous gifts from the indigenous people -knowing and acknowledging that they ere very poor people-, and return it with a gift of no more value than that of a penny.In continuation, it is highly hypocritical that Christopher Columbus had viewed their practices of religion as malicious and Inappropriate for a civilization, then forced Christianity upon them with Inhumanity and savagery. This Is baffling because the Spaniards are going Into this foreign world Introducing a concept of a loving and benevolent God as they simultaneously kill these people and cut off their feet all for the glory of this mysterious supposedly-awesome God.As Christians, they are commanded by God to love others as you love yourself and to reflect a level of Jesus' kindness when they Instead they reflected the greed, hatred, and self- righteousness of the devil. So, not only were his actions directly affecting these natives lives, but also the appearance of Charlatanry as a whole. Columbus' take on Christianity and God actually intensifies the inhumanity and violence caused against as an excuse to execute all heathens; indigenous people.However, in reality, he was imply slaughtering thousands of innocent people who did nothing wrong except for having contrasting opinions with that of the intruding Spaniards. In conclusion, from the day that Columbus arrived to the New World, he treated the people with nothing but dignity and self-pride. Although he did â€Å"discover† the land that would later become America, he is only responsible for the deaths, severe mistreatment, and forced enslavement of multiple indigenous people. Columbus Day should be recognized as a day of mourning for the unwarranted brutality suffered by unexciting natives of the land.

Lincoln Electric Company Case Essay

After reviewing the case I feel that the main reason of Lincoln’s foreign operation dilemma was because of its unique corporate strategy, which was the similar strategy that made Lincoln so strong in the United States. Lincoln’s competitive advantage in the United States was based in its unique culture and incentive system (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). A corporate culture that emphasized open communication and trust began with its top management. Lincoln’s leaders used an approach that encouraged all employees to share their thoughts not only with their managers but also with the CEO (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). This corporate wide approach to management, encouraged by the company’s incentive system, created an exceptionally committed and skilled workforce. Lincoln thought that its management style and incentive system would work to regenerate the foreign operations performance by energizing and committing its workers (Anthony and Govindarajan, 20 07). But Lincoln did not realize was that its corporate culture had been created and confirmed for over almost a hundred year and took time to build such a successful corporate culture (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). By 1993, Hastings realized the mistakes they had made (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). The corporate culture of European countries would not be compatible with their programs. For example, German workers were highly skilled and Germans worked fewer hours a week than Lincoln’s U.S. workers did (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). The U.S. workers frequently worked overtime and usually on short notice, which helped to make the incentive system work successfully (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). German workers were not as productive as Lincoln’s U.S. workers (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). Donald Hastings began to become conscious of what the company was up against. For the first time Lincoln evaluated the projects that it was undertaking with the view of what th e company was facing and what it could actually accomplish (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). Lincoln Electric would have to cut back on almost all of the operations it had invested in just a few years prior. Lincoln was forced to begin restructuring plan for all of its foreign operations to go outside the  company to find innovative top management (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). In order to improve global operations, I recommend that Lincoln Electric must improve its company relations, its production systems, and its placement in the global community. Lincoln Electric should concentrate on developing and manufacturing inventive products. This action will help Lincoln Electric achieve a competitive advantage to its competitors. Furthermore, contracts should be set up with Lincoln’s supplier and buyers. By creating contracts with the suppliers, Lincoln can lessen material costs and price its products competitively. Additionally, I think that they should have partnerships with great buyers will help in the creation of new products, as well as securing a contractual agreement. Given that Lincoln Electric has gone beyond its experimental global expansion stage, it should carry on such opportunities in profitable and a cost-effective environment. Lincoln should attempt to only come into new markets when it has a firm partner that currently operates in the market. Lincoln’s incentive system should only be put into practice in operations where the workforce and its culture are compatible with their program. This case did alter my viewpoint regarding managing foreign operations. I think that in order to pursue business in another country you must have knowledge of the international markets or cultures. What may work in one country may not work in another country. I think that when deciding which countries to decide to expand in, that all factors regarding culture should be considered. Lincoln Electric Holdings has proven to be a successful, innovative company that holds a immense leadership position in its industry. References: Anthony, R. N., & Govindarajan, V. (2007). Management control systems (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

The fire station goals, objectives and missions.

The fire station goals, objectives and missions. Introduction To study the goals and mission of the fire department, I will take the New York City fire department as an example. The fire station is guided by a written goals and objectives stated in the FDNY strategic plan for the 2009-2010. The New York City fire station is for the third time publishing its goals and objectives, enabling it to successfully implement its services to the community.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The fire station goals, objectives and missions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Main text The station had five specific goals and objectives for the year 2009 to 2010. The objectives include improvement on the emergency on the response to the fires, natural disasters and other emergency situations. Second is providing the stations members with the good health and safety. The third goal is to strengthen the development of both the management and the administration. The fourth goal is for th e station to increase its services in other region. Lastly, the fire station needs to advance in the fire prevention services and also on the safety teachings methods. The stations objectives are important for the community since the people can benefit from the wide range of services that will ensure less property destruction from fires. Also there will be quick response to the hospital emergencies, harmful material accidents, abnormal disasters, and other situations that requires emergence response. In the year 2007 to 2008, the New York fire station had established a three years Borough commands strategic planning system which had followed the department of bureau operations goals. The fire station had also an objective in the year 2010 of forming Borough commands department that meant to address the queens and Staten Island division, battalions and companies. The department aim was to serve the New York City residents and visitors. The department was also aimed at giving all the station members and the public, the necessary information and vivid understanding of the fire stations achievements and future stations growth. The New York fire station has also incorporated its goals and objectives in the fire service agency program. The station has several service agency programs including the special operations command service agency, the customers and stakeholders’ services agency system among other service agencies. Each of these agencies has it own performances distinct from each other although each agency helps the fire station to achieve its objectives. On the other hand, the fire station operational programs like response to the emergency operations and fire prevention in the community have supportive hand to the agency goals and strategic plan.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fire station aims at training the fire officers an d soldiers and taking them to USA for a bachelor’s degree in fire science and safety. Under this plan, the station will be enhancing its mission which states that it is targeting at giving the first response to any emergency. Also by training the fire workers, the station will be able to achieve its mission by protecting the community lives and properly. Trained officers and soldiers will resource the fire station with necessary skills that will advance the New York public safety. On the other hand training of the officers will help the station to deliver its service on time therefore contributing significantly to the safety of New York community. Conclusion The New York fire station has goal and objectives are aimed in benefiting the community at large. The fire station is also aimed at becoming one of the best fire station in New York and the environs.

Social Welfare Influences

Social Welfare Influences In any modern organisation, the existence of social welfare is paramount. Social welfare is in man’s nature. Social welfare is about how people and societal institutions seek to provide set basic standards as well as certain minimum opportunities for its people. It is about the quality of life that affects access to essential social services. Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Social Welfare Influences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The survival of man as an individual is dependent on the associations he forms with others. Man cannot survive on his own and therefore forms associations with others to ensure continuity of his species. In the primitive society, traditions and customs played a major role to ensure that family ties are maintained in order to ensure cooperation for the collective needs of the society. In today’s modern society such ties are slowly fading away and the society has put in institutions of governance to achieve the same. Society through institutions in government has laid down the necessary machinery including institutions of public finance to achieve that. Under such initiatives social services such as provision of medical services, security, Public health, provision of education, child welfare, provision of education and so on. It is therefore the role of the state government to ensure that the economic as well as the social well being of all its subjects. This is premised on the principle of equitable distribution of resources in society, equal opportunities for all as well as taking responsibility for those individuals who are unable to provide the basic minimum for themselves. With the fall of communism and the society has become increasingly capitalistic there has been a greater need to amerce wealth for each individual. Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More Money has become pivotal in ensuring social welfare. This has lead to the constant pull and push between the haves and the have not’s, the employer and his employees , the bourgeoisie and the proletariat and so on in an effort of each individual guarantying their own personal wellbeing. In the past many considered social welfare as a private concern but in today’s modern world social welfare cuts across all divides of society and has found its place in public debates. Social welfare is largely affected by global trends such as globalization. Another issue that affects social welfare too is a states aging population as well as a state decline in fertility rates. The above concerns present a challenge to state economies that continue to sustain social welfare programmes. As a trend that affects the world over Globalisation is one that o state can ignore. Any economy that would still like to compete in the global market with other states that do not have to incur the burden of social spending tax. In order to continue sustaining their economies and supporting viable projects such states must completely eliminate all social commitments. In many industrial nations their population is aging therefore most of the social welfare programs are catered for the aged. Since the aged are the majority of the population the burden is then placed on the minority population. To sustain such a burden can be an enormous task for the minority population to sustain. Industrial nations have undergone sharp declines in population growth as well as fertility rates. Very few economies such as that of the United States have maintained their replacement rates. The result of such a trend is disastrous in terms of providing support for social welfare programs

AnalyticalResponse1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

AnalyticalResponse1 - Essay Example She is bored to death in her sisters house. When she finds work in a shoe factory, this too turns out to be drudgery. She does have enough money to buy some decent clothes as she has to pay four dollars a week as rent to her sister. Carrie begins to hate her co-workers and tries to get out of the boredom by spending most of her free time watching people as they pass on the street outside her sisters house. Carrie loses her job after an illness. It looks like she has to forget her big dreams of becoming rich and famous and return home. However she meets, George Drouet, a successful salesman, who she had earlier met in a train, by chance, a second time. Carrie leaves her sisters house and lives with George. In the meantime Carrie meets George Hurstwood, a friend of Drouet and a wealthy manager of a Chicago tavern. After a string of misunderstandings and errors in moral judgments, Carrie and Hurstwood move on to bigger and better lives in the big city of New York. Capitalism in America brought one of the biggest changes to American culture and that was the trend of â€Å"conspicuous consumption". Carrie in the novel represents consumerism and the American middle class. Carrie is shown as being "ambitious to gain in material things." (Dreiser,1900) And her personality reflects the American middle class growing desire for material things. Carrie wants to accumulate material things because she desires a higher status in society and she is aware that this will undoubtedly ensure her a higher status. Dreiser emphasizes this fact by giving us specific details about everything Carrie owns. Carrie has an imitation alligator-skin bag. She cannot afford a real alligator skin bag but still has an imitation one as she wants the status that goes with conspicuous consumption. As one reads the novel one can see the transition in Carries character while trying to adjust to the fast life of a big city. She suffers from what

To what extent does the professional ideology of socially responsible Essay

To what extent does the professional ideology of socially responsible journalism serve the public interest Discuss with refere - Essay Example A biased information is not the final truth, and in the case where the media owner influences the kind of information to be issued, then the media fails in being independent (Uow.edu.au 2013). The norm of objectivity is made up of two components. One such component is depersonalization, which is a requirement stipulating that when issuing a report or information, a journalist should never express his or her own views, evaluations or believes for this may lead to delivery of biased information. The second component is balance, which involves presenting opinions of agents from both sides of a controversy, and by all means avoiding favoring one side. The policy of objectivity requires that when dealing with authoritative sources like politicians, journalist should report the views of these sources in a way that proves that they are not favoring any one side (Uow.edu.au 2013). The objectivity policy helps in making sure that the public is protected from biased information that may mislea d them when making decisions. Sometimes the information to be reported might not be in conjunction with their beliefs or evaluations, and the policy helps in presenting truth to the public during such instances. Under the responsible journalism system, the public enjoys transparency in different arms of the government and the corporate sector. Socially responsible journalism ensures that journalists working in different departments are careful about the kind of information they present to the public (Uow.edu.au 2013). Balance, which is part of the objectivity policy of journalism, helps in making sure that journalists give the exact information about any authoritative source of information like the government. Through their unbiased and truthful reporting of the activities of the government, journalists help in ensuring that the public is aware of the government’s progress, is a position to scrutinize as well as put the government in check. Such information becomes useful to the public when voting in the next government (Uow.edu.au 2013). The policy of objectivity helps in protecting the rights of the public. In most parts of the world, the greatest traitors and dictators have been rendered powerless by responsible journalism. Responsible journalism educates the public more about their rights and through such education, the public is able to ensure that they acquire their various rights and freedom as stipulated by the law. Sometimes when some governments fail to offer good leadership, the media comes in to serve the role of activists. This at times serves as good way of keeping the government in check, by inciting the public and of ensuring that the public enjoys good governance (Carr 2006). There are many instances in different parts of the world where a social responsible journalism system saves the day by giving the public the right information. Journalism being a source of information, analysis and comments on the current affairs, journalism as a f ield helps in many different roles in the modern society. The principal goal of almost every professional journalist is to serve the society by being transparent as he or she issues the right and true information to the public. Journalists also examine the way power is exercised by the elected or appointed leaders. Through this, they help in inspiring democratic

Personal Skills and Self Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Skills and Self Management - Essay Example Having started my career at the ANZ Banking Group about 14 years ago as an operator of Grade 2, I have progressed in my field and am now serving in the ANZ as Level 3 Supervisor within the Loan Operation Department. I hope to progress further and become the Operation State Manager in ANZ and get placed in Category C. The Operation State Manager manages two teams in the Institutional Loan Division. This includes 13 workers and 5 business units. The fact that the Operation State Manager has to take care of the business units in addition to the workers increases and complicates his duties manifolds. He is also expected to achieve the goals of higher management and meet stakeholder expectations. Duties of the Operation State Manager can be fundamentally classified into the four universally known functions of management namely planning, organizing, leading and controlling. One of the most important skills required of a Operation State Manager is communication because he has to interact wi th hundreds of people on daily basis. The word of Operation State Manager means a lot to them. ... If I am to become the Operation State Manager later in my career, it is imperative that I concentrate on improving my communication skills. For that, I would need to gain a good understanding of different styles of communication for use in different kinds of situations. There are four basic styles of communication namely assertive, aggressive, passive, and passive-aggressive. A manager has to see which style fits a particular situation. I also have to analyze the barriers to effective communication. Nevertheless, the manager needs to be more assertive in his communication because it promotes understanding and diffuses anger. ANZ defines leadership characteristics as supportive for the organizational culture. Hence, in order to be a successful manager In ANZ, I would need to conduct thorough analysis of the organizational culture, aims and objectives and accord my leadership qualities with them. The Operation State Manager at ANZ is necessarily a role model for the subordinates and th ey acquire motivation for him. Therefore, I would need to learn how to motivate employees. I would need to conduct a detailed literature review to identify the factors that serve as the biggest source of motivation for the workforce. Such factors include but may not be limited to money, promotion, paid leave and added privileges. It is important for me to optimize my own leadership skills instead of trying to copy other leaders because I believe that effective leadership originates in original personality rather than an artificial one. I expect myself to be ready for this position in the next 3-5 years. Communication and conflict resolution are two of the most fundamental aspects of my current capabilities

Project Management and Innovation Past and Future Essay Example for Free

Project Management and Innovation Past and Future Essay It is unsurprising that development of innovation is often run as a project. Yet, theoretically both project management and innovation studies have evolved over time as distinctively separate disciplines. In this paper we make an attempt to conceptualize the innovation project management and past as well as future of same. By doing so, we contribute to the nascent academic debate on the interplay between innovation and project management. This paper is concerned with three topics and the interplay between them, namely â€Å"Innovation†, â€Å"Research and Development (RD)† and â€Å"Project Management†. The interest in these topics has exploded recently as they emerged both on the policy agenda and in the corporate strategies. The contribution of technological innovation to national economic growth has been well established in the economic literature. In the last couple of decades, new technologies, new industries, and new business models have powered impressive gains in productivity and GDP growth. While originally there was a tendency to equate RD and innovation, contemporary understanding of innovation is much broader than purely RD. RD is one component of innovation activities and knowledge creation among others. Innovation emerges as a pervasive and complex force, not only in the high-tech sectors in advanced economies, but also as a phenomenon existing in low-tech industry of developing, or catching-up economies. Still, the link between RD and innovation is often at the core of the innovation studies. Presently, we are witnessing â€Å"projectification† of the world as a growing number of specialists organise their work in projects rather than on on-going functional basis. The connection between RD and project management has a long history. Most tools of project management have been developed from the management of RD, often with military purposes (Lorell, 1995). The most vivid example of managing RD projects in the public sector is the PRINCE2 method (UK OGC, 2005). Due to the above mentioned difference between RD and innovation, RD projects should be distinguished from innovation projects too. Innovation is a non-linear process, not necessarily technology-led and may not necessarily result from formal RD investments. Innovation is the exploration and exploitation of new ideas and recombination of existing knowledge in the pursuit of sustained competitive advantage. Besides, both innovation and RD projects by their nature differ from conventional projects. Thus, there is a need to examine the Innovation Project Management (IPM) as a distinctive area of managing innovation in projects, using the tools and methods of the project management. The Evolution of Project Management Theory The genesis of the ideas that led to the development of modern project management can arguably be traced back to the protestant reformation of the 15th century. The Protestants and later the Puritans introduced a number of ideas including ‘reductionism’, ‘individualism’ and the ‘protestant work ethic’ (PWE) that resonate strongly in the spirit of modern project management. Reductionism focuses on removing unnecessary elements of a process or ‘ceremony’ and then breaking the process down into its smallest task or unit to ‘understand’ how it works. Individualism assumes we are active, independent agents who can manage risks and create ideas. These ideas are made into ‘real things’ by social actions contingent upon the availability of a language to describe them. The PWE focuses on the intrinsic value of work. Prior to the protestant reformation most people saw work either as a necessary evil, or as a means to an end. For Protestants, serving God included participating in and working hard at worldly activities as this was part of God’s purpose for each individual. From the perspective of the evolution of modern project management, these ideas were incorporated into two key philosophies, Liberalism and Newtonianism. Liberalism included the ideas of capitalism (Adam Smith), the division of labour, and that an industrious lifestyle would lead to wealthy societies Newton saw the world as a harmonious mechanism controlled by a ‘universal law’. Applying scientific observations to parts of the whole would allow understanding and insights to occur and eventually a complete understanding. LITERATURE REVIEW In this paper we seek to establish bridges between two distinctive disciplines – project management and innovation management (innovation studies). Despite seemingly interrelated nature of both subjects, these two research domains have been developing relatively isolated from each other. Innovation Studies Innovation studies are rooted in the seminal writing of Joseph Schumpeter in the 1920s-1930s (e. g. Schumpeter, 1934), whose ideas started to gain popularity in the 1960s, as the general interest among policymakers and scholars in technological change, RD and innovation increased. The field formed as a distinctive academic discipline from the 1980s. Scholars like Richard Nelson, Chris Freeman, Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Keith Pavitt, Luc Soete, Giovanni Dosi, Jan Fagerberg, Bart Verspagen, Eric von Hippel and others have shaped and formed this discipline. The seminal publications in the area include, inter alia, Freeman (1982), Freeman and Soete (1997), Lundvall (1992), Nelson and Winter (1977, 1982), von Hippel (1988). Regarding the definition of innovation – a general consensus has been achieved among innovation scholars who broadly understand this phenomenon as a transformation of knowledge into new products, processes and services. An in-depth review of the innovation literature is beyond the scope of this paper (refer to Fagerberg (2004) for such analysis). Our intention is to outline main directions of research. In a recent paper, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) provide a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive and organizational characteristics of the emerging field of innovation studies and consider its prospects and challenges. The authors trace evolution and dynamics of the field. Reflecting the complex nature of innovation, the field of innovation studies unites various academic disciplines. For examples, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) define four main clusters of innovation scholars. They are â€Å"Management† (cluster 1), â€Å"Schumpeter Crowd† (cluster 2), â€Å"Geography and Policy† (cluster 3. 1), Periphery† (cluster 3. 2) and â€Å"Industrial Economics† (cluster 4). For the purposes of our analysis we shall have a closer look at the â€Å"Management† cluster, since it is here where the connection between innovation and Project Management can be found. In fact â€Å"Management† is the smallest cluster within the entire network of innovation scholars, consisting of only 22 scholars, mainly sociologists and management scholars, with a geographical bias towards the USA. This small number of scholars (22) is in sharp contrast with the biggest clusters ? â€Å"Geography and Policy† (298 scholars) or â€Å"Schumpeter Crowd† (309). In terms of publication preferences, apart from Research Policy, the favorite journal for innovation scholars, members of â€Å"Management† cluster see management journals as the most relevant publishing outlets, particularly Journal of Product Innovation Management, Management Science and Strategic Management Journal. Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009, p. 29) see a strong link between innovation and management and provide a following description: â€Å"Management is to some extent a cross-disciplinary field by default and firm-level innovation falls naturally within its portfolio. †¦. So between innovation studies and management there clearly is some common ground†. Project Management The project management as a human activity has a long history; e. g. construction of Egyptian pyramids in 2000 BC may be regarded as a project activity. However, the start for the modern Project Management era, as a distinctive research area, was in the 1950s. Maylor (2005) determines three major stages of the PM historical development. Before the 1950s, the PM as such was not recognized. In the 1950s, tools and techniques were developed to support the management of complex projects. The dominant thinking was based on â€Å"one best way† approach, based on numerical methods. The third stage, from the 1990s onwards is characterized by the changing environment in which projects take place. It is more and more realized that a project management approach should be contingent upon its context. It is also noted that a shift is observed over time in development of project management – from focus on sole project management to the broader management of projects and strategic project management (Fangel, 1993; Morris, 1994; Bryde, 2003). Reflecting these changes in the managerial practices, the body of academic literature on PM has evolved and burgeoned. International Journal of Project Management and Project Management Journals became the flagship publication outlets for PM scholars and practitioners. A large number of (managerial) handbooks outlining the methods and techniques of PM have been published, e. g. Andersen et al (2004), Bruijn et al (2004) Kerzner (2005), Maylor (2005), Meredith and Mantel (2006), Muller (2009), Roberts (2007), Turner (1999), Turner and Turner (2008). Despite a growing number of publications, there is no unified theoretical basis and there is no unified theory of project management, due to its multidisciplinary nature (Smyth and Morris, 2007). Project management has a more applied nature than other management disciplines. Although the PM has formed as a distinct research field, there is no universal, generally accepted definition of a project and project management. Turner (1999) develops a generic definition of a project: A project is an endeavor in which human, financial and material resources are organized in a novel way to undertake a unique scope of work, of given specification, which constraints of cost and time, so as to achieve beneficial change defined by quantitative and qualitative objectives. There have been several attempts to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art research in PM and outline its trends and future directions (e. g. , PMI, 2004; Betts and Lansley, 1995; Themistocleous and Wearne, 2003; Crawford et al, 2006; Kloppenberg and Opfer, 2002). In a recent article, Kwak and Anbari (2009) review relevant academic journals and identify eight allied disciplines, in which PM is being applied and developed. These disciplines include such areas as Operation Management, Organizational Behavior, Information Technology, Engineering and Construction, Strategy/Integration, Project Finance and Accounting, and Quality and Management. Notably, one of these eight allied disciplines is â€Å"Technology Application / Innovation / New Product Development / Research and Development†. The authors found that only 11% of journal publications on the subject of project management fell under the â€Å"Innovation† heading. Yet, importantly, this area showed sustained upward interest, and hence the number of publications, since the 1960s. Overall, Kwak and Anbari (2009) conclude that the mainstream PM research proceeds largely in the â€Å"Strategy / Integration / Portfolio Management / Value of PM / Marketing† direction (30% of all publications examined by the authors). PM AND INNOVATION: THE PAST Projects in one form or another have been undertaken for millennia, but it was only in the latter part of the 20th century people started talking about ‘project management’. Earlier endeavors were seen as acts of worship, engineering or nation building. And the people controlling the endeavors saw themselves as members of groups focused on specific callings such as generals, priests and architects. There is an important distinction to be drawn here between projects: ‘a temporary Endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service or result’ and the profession of project management; or at least ‘modern project management’. For a discipline to be considered a profession a number of attributes are generally considered necessary; these are: †¢ Practitioners are required to meet formal educational and entry requirements, †¢ autonomy over the terms and conditions of practice, a code of ethics, †¢ a commitment to service ideals, †¢ a monopoly over a discrete body of knowledge and related skills. Within this context, project management is best considered an ‘emerging profession’ that has developed during the last 30 to 40 years. Over this period project management associations around the world have developed a generally consistent view of the processes involved in ‘project management’, encoded these views into ‘Bodies of Knowledge’ (BoKs), described competent behaviors and are now certifying knowledgeable and/or competent ‘Project Managers’. Certainly, if ‘modern project management’ does not qualify as a fully fledged profession at this point in time, it will evolve into one fairly quickly. The Evolution of Project Management Tools The central theme running through the various project management concepts is that project management is an integrative process that has at its core, the balancing of the ‘iron triangle’ of time, cost and output. All three facets must be present for a management process to be considered project management. The evolution of cost and scope control into relatively precise processes occurred during the 14th and 18th Centuries respectively. Time management lacked effective measurement and control until the emergence of ‘critical path’ scheduling in the 1960s. The branch of management that gave rise to the development of the Critical Path Method of scheduling was Operational Research (OR). OR is an interdisciplinary science which uses methods such as mathematical modeling and statistics to assist decision making in complex real-world situations. It is distinguished by its ability to look at and improve an entire system, rather than concentrating on specific processes which was the focus of Taylor’s ‘scientific management’. The growth of OR was facilitated by the increasing availability and power of computers which were needed to carry out the large numbers of calculations typically required to analyze a system. [pic] Figure 1. The Iron Triangle The first ‘project’ to add science to the process of time control was undertaken by Kelley and Walker to develop the Critical Path Method (CPM) for E. I. du Pont de Numours. In 1956/57 Kelly and Walker started developing the algorithms that became CPM. The program they developed was trialled on plant shutdowns in 1957 And the first paper on critical path scheduling was published in 1959. The critical meeting to approve this project was held on the 7th May 1957 in Newark, Delaware, where DuPont and Remington Rand jointly committed US$226,400 to fund the project. The foundations of modern project management were laid in 1957; but it took another 12 years before Dr Martin Barnes first described the ‘iron triangle’ of time, cost and output in a course he developed for his UK clients in 1969 called ‘Time and Money in Contract Control’. PM AND INNOVATION: THE FUTURE Defining PM for Future The biggest challenge facing project management is answering the question ‘what is a project? ’ Until this question can be answered unambiguously the foundation of project management cannot be defined. Current definitions such as the PMBOK’s ‘a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result’ can apply to the baking of a cake as easily as the construction of a multi story building. They are both temporary endeavors to create a unique outcome but in all probability the baking of a cake is not a project. The traditional view of projects embedded in the various BoKs is derived from both the management theories underpinning ‘modern project management’ and the industrial base of early project management practitioners (construction / defense / engineering). The BoKs tend to treat projects as naturally occurring entities that need to be managed. This is an easy enough assumption when focusing on a building or a battle ship. There is a physical presence that occupies a defined space that needs creating in a defined timeframe to a defined scope. This view assumes project exists and project management is about transforming the raw materials of the project into a finished and useful form. Consequently it is the presence of the project itself that defines ‘project management’. The PMBOKs version is ‘The application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements’. However, if we cannot precisely define a ‘project’, there is no basis for project management and consequently no foundation for a useable theory of project management. Researchers and academics are starting to reverse the idea that a project is necessary for project management to exist and suggest it is the application of ‘project management’ to an endeavour that creates a project. Some of the ideas being discussed include: †¢ Projects as ‘Temporary Knowledge Organizations (TKOs)’. This school of thought focuses on the idea that the primary instrument of project management is the project team and the recognition that predictability is not a reality of project management. Some key ideas include: o The concept of the project team as a ‘complex adaptive system (or organism)’, living on the ‘edge of chaos’; responding and adapting to its surroundings (ie the project’s stakeholders) offers one new set of insights. o The idea of ‘Nonlinearity’ suggests that you can do the same thing several times over and get completely different results. Small differences may lead to big changes whilst big variations may have minimal effect. This idea questions the validity of ‘detailed programming’ attempting to predict the path of a project (the ‘butterfly effect’, constrained by ‘strange attractors’). The concept of ‘Complex Responsive Processes of Relating’ (CRPR) puts emphasis on the interaction among people and the essentially responsive and participative nature of the human processes of organizing and relating. According to the modern trend in these field, consequence of accepting these theories is to shift the focus of ‘project management’ from the object of the project to the people involved in the project (ie, its stakeholders), and to recognize that it is people who create the project, work on the project and close the project with all innovation. Consequently the purpose of most if not all project ‘control documents’ such as schedules and cost plans shift from being an attempt to ‘control the future’ this is impossible; to a process for communicating with and influencing stakeholders to encourage and guide their involvement in the project. Notwithstanding the advantages of project management, it would be unreasonable to expect all innovation to be carried out through projects. In fact, many ideas are generated by employees in a company on a regular basis, not only within project teams. Thus, there is certainly a room for functional, on-going organization of innovation process. Even more so, in certain situations project management can be detrimental to innovation. Aggeri and Segrestin (2007) show that the recent project development methods in automotive industry can induce negative effects on collective learning processes and these effects have managerial implications for innovative developments. Argument for Managing Innovation in Projects The origins of project management in the manufacturing and construction ndustries determine an engineering perspective, viewing a project as a task-focused entity, proceeding in a linear or similar way from the point of initiation to implementation. This view prevailed until comparatively recently. This view is seemingly in stark contrast with the nature of innovation. It is increasingly being acknowledged that the innovation is a complex non-linear process. The earliest view on innovation process as a pipeline model (whereby a given input is transformed to a specific output) has been largely abandoned. Presently, however, project management is increasingly recognised as a key generic skill for business management (Fangel, 1993), rather than a planning-oriented technique or an application of engineering sciences and optimization theory, in which project management has its roots (Soderlund, 2004). The â€Å"management by projects† has emerged as general mode of organizing for all forms of enterprise (Turner 2003). This new conceptualization of project management enables to embrace the non-linear nature of innovation. Even a creative and non-linear nature of innovation is often characterized as an organizational or management process, rather than spontaneous improvisation. Davila et al. (2006) state, Innovation, like many business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules, and discipline. Hence, a project, with its defined objective, scope, budget and limitations, can be an appropriate setting of innovation. The other closely linked element in the new world of project management with innovation is embracing uncertainty. Writing on paper cannot control the future! Schedules do not control time; cost plans do not control costs. Plans outline a possible future and provided a basis for recognizing when things ‘are not going to plan’. For innovation project management to succeed, both project and senior management are going to need to embrace uncertainty and learn skills to manage it rather than expecting predictability and inevitably being disappointed by the variability of ‘reality’ as it unfolds. Challenges of Empirical Studies Scarcity and unreliability, or even lack of data poses a big challenge in research in both innovation and project management. A macro-level research n PM is obstructed by the lack of data on the number of projects, carried out by firms and public institutions, and their characteristics. Problems stem from the definition of a project and the non-disclosure policy of most companies. In such circumstances, PM research has tended to rely on case-studies or on small-scale tailor-made surveys. There i s a widely acknowledged lack of large-scale empirical research in PM (Kloppenborg and Opfer, 2002; Soderlund, 2004). It is claimed that the Independent Project Analysis (IPA) is the market leader in quantitative analysis of project management systems, i. . in project evaluation and project system benchmarking (IPA, 2007). All IPA analyses and research are based on proprietary databases. As of mid-2009, IPA’s databases contain more than 11,000 projects of all sizes ($20,000 to $25 billion) executed across the world. Each year, approximately 1,000 projects are added with representation from the many different industries served by IPA. Each project in our databases is characterized by over 2,000 project attributes, including technology, project scope, project type, project costs, year of authorization, and geographical location (IPA 2009). All information contained in the IPA databases is carefully protected and kept as confidential proprietary data (IPA, 2009). Due to the issues of confidentiality, access for academic researchers is restricted. In the innovation field, academic community has been increasingly using several sources of data, such as granted patents, tailor-made surveys, as well as other data provided by national statistical offices. European research on innovation uses several instruments to obtain data on innovation indicators and to assess national innovation performance. The two main instruments are the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) and the European Innovation Scorecard (EIS). As of 2009, five successful CIS surveys have been carried out: CIS1 (1992), CIS2 (1996), CIS3 (2001), CIS4 (2004) and CIS 2006. Each new round was characterized by an improved questionnaire, in line with the evolution of understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. The more recent surveys embraced understanding of innovation in a broader sense, and for example, paid more attention to service innovations. Further, it is expected that the future surveys will also include management techniques, organizational change, environmental benefits, and design and marketing issues. We argue that, taken into consideration the growing relevance of innovation projects, a clearer and explicit wording should be used in CIS questionnaire for determining whether innovation is organized and carried out in projects or functionally. CONCLUSIONS Innovation studies and project management as distinctive disciplines have been developing in a relative isolation from each other. The analysis in innovation studies domain has rarely explored the mechanisms and patterns of innovation in projects in contrast to traditional (functional or hierarchical) organization. However, since innovation management in companies is increasingly organized in projects, it is of utmost importance to directly address the interplay between innovation management and project management. In this paper, based on the relevant literature and insights from practice, we conceptually examined the relationships between these two research areas aiming at bridging the gap between them. It is widely acknowledged within the discipline of innovation studies that there is a high percentage of failure of innovation initiatives, in other words, failure is inevitable when managing innovation. The key skill set of the competent project manager will be identifying and managing stakeholder expectations using tools such as the Stakeholder circle to help identify the project’s key stakeholders. Innovation is perceived as a luxury, not as a necessity. Therefore, it is of high priority to manage innovation effectively and efficiently with constrained budgets.